يعد فهم تعقيدات تكنولوجيا الألياف الضوئية أمرًا ضروريًا لأي شخص يشارك في الاتصالات ونقل البيانات. أحد الجوانب الأساسية هو فقدان الخسارة وآثاره على أداء الشبكة. تهدف هذه المقالة إلى استكشاف الأبعاد المختلفة لفقدان الخائن في الألياف البصرية ، مع التركيز على العوامل التي تؤثر على الخسارة والقياسات واستراتيجيات التخفيف والتقدم التكنولوجي. الكلمات الرئيسية مثلالبصرية PLC الخائن، يتم مناقشة الصين البصري PLC Flitter ، الشركة المصنعة للبصرية البصرية PLC ، مصنع PLC البصري ، ومورد PLC البصري PLC لتقديم منظور في العمق حول هذا الموضوع.
مقدمة في تقسيم الألياف البصرية
● فهم تكنولوجيا الألياف الضوئية
تشكل تقنية الألياف البصرية العمود الفقري للاتصالات الحديثة ، مما ينقل البيانات بسرعة الضوء مع الحد الأدنى من الخسارة. هذه الألياف هي إما وضع واحد - وضع أو وضع متعدد ، محددة بواسطة قطرها الأساسي والتطبيق.
● دور الانقسامات في شبكات الألياف
في شبكات الألياف الضوئية ، يلعب المقسمون دورًا مهمًا بتقسيم إشارة بصرية واحدة إلى إشارات متعددة. تعتبر هذه الوظيفة أمرًا بالغ الأهمية للتوزيع الفعال في أنظمة PON (الشبكة البصرية السلبية) وتطبيقات FTTH (الألياف إلى المنزل). انقسامات PLC البصرية و FBT (التفتيت الحيوي المنصهر) هي نوعان أساسيان يستخدمان في الصناعة.
ما هي خسارة الخائن؟
● تعريف فقدان الخائن
يشير فقدان الخائن إلى فقدان قوة الإشارة التي تحدث عند تقسيم إشارة بصرية إلى مسارات متعددة. يتم قياس هذه الخسارة في ديسيبل (DB) وهي ظاهرة لا مفر منها بسبب المبادئ الأساسية لنقل الضوء والانقسام.
● العوامل التي تساهم في فقدان الخائن
تسهم عوامل متعددة في فقدان الخائن ، بما في ذلك نسبة الانقسام ، وجودة الخائن ، والظروف البيئية الخارجية. على سبيل المثال ، سيكون لدى الفاصل 1: 2 خسارة أقل مقارنةً بخلع 1:32 بسبب توزيع قوة الإشارة عبر مسارات أقل.
أنواع انقسامات الألياف البصرية
● PLC (دائرة Lightwave Planar) المقسمة
تستخدم Plc Splitters تقنيات التصوير الفوتوغرافي لإنشاء دوائر بصرية على ركيزة زجاجية السيليكا. أنها توفر موثوقية عالية ، التوحيد ، وتكلفة - فعالة لنسب الانقسام الأكبر ، مما يجعلها خيارًا شائعًا بين الموردين والمصنعين البصريين.
● FBT (Taper Biconical taper)
يتم تصنيع FBT Splitters عن طريق دمج وترقي اثنين أو أكثر من الألياف معًا. على الرغم من أنها أقل تكلفة من PLC Splitters ، إلا أنها عمومًا أقل موثوقية لنسب الانقسام الأعلى ولديها فقدان إدراج أعلى.
العوامل التي تؤثر على فقدان الخائن
● تأثير نسبة الانقسام على الخسارة
تؤثر نسبة الانقسام بشكل مباشر على فقدان الخائن. نسب الانقسام الأعلى ، مثل 1:16 أو 1:32 ، تؤدي إلى خسارة أكبر لأن الطاقة البصرية مقسمة بين قنوات الإخراج الأخرى. وبالتالي ، من الأهمية بمكان موازنة متطلبات الشبكة مع مستويات الخسارة المقبولة.
● جودة التصنيع والدقة
تؤثر الجودة والدقة في عملية التصنيع بشكل كبير على أداء الفاصل. تضمن مواد عالية الجودة وتقنيات التصنيع المتقدمة التي تستخدمها الشركات المصنعة البصرية البصرية PLC الخسارة المنخفضة وارتفاع المتانة.
القياسات القياسية لفقدان الخائن
● وحدات القياس (DB)
يتم قياس فقدان الخائن في ديسيبل (ديسيبل) ، وهي وحدة لوغاريتمية تحدد نسبة طاقة الإدخال إلى طاقة الإخراج. تشير قيم DB المنخفضة إلى انخفاض فقدان ، وهو أمر مرغوب فيه للحفاظ على سلامة الإشارة.
● معايير ومعايير الصناعة
تلتزم صناعة الاتصالات السلكية واللاسلكية بمعايير ومعايير محددة لضمان الاتساق والموثوقية. على سبيل المثال ، عادةً ما يكون لدى الفاصل القياسي 1: 8 فقدان إدخال يبلغ حوالي 10 ديسيبل. تساعد هذه المعايير على المصانع والموردين البصريين PLC في الحفاظ على الجودة والأداء.
تأثير فقدان الخائن على أداء الشبكة
● تدهور الإشارة
يؤدي فقدان الخائن إلى تدهور الإشارة ، مما يؤثر على جودة وموثوقية نقل البيانات. في شبكات الكثافة العالية - ، يمكن أن يؤدي ذلك إلى زمن الوصول ، وزيادة معدلات الخطأ ، وفقدان البيانات المحتمل.
● أهمية إدارة الخسائر
تعتبر إدارة الخسارة أمرًا بالغ الأهمية لتحسين أداء الشبكة. يمكن أن يؤدي استخدام المقاطع البصرية عالية الجودة من الشركات المصنعة ذات السمعة الطيبة إلى تقليل تدهور الإشارة بشكل كبير ، مما يضمن شبكة قوية وفعالة.
حساب فقدان الخائن في الشبكة
● الخطوة - بواسطة - حساب فقدان الخطوة
حساب فقدان الخائن ينطوي على عدة خطوات. أولاً ، حدد نسبة الانقسام (على سبيل المثال ، 1: 4). بعد ذلك ، استخدم قيمة فقدان الإدراج القياسية (على سبيل المثال ، 7 ديسيبل للاختراق 1: 4). أخيرًا ، أضف أي خسائر إضافية من الموصلات والرقص للحصول على الخسارة الكلية.
● أمثلة عملية مع نسب الانقسام المشتركة
النظر في شبكة مع الخائن 1: 8. فقدان الإدراج القياسي حوالي 10 ديسيبل. إذا كان هناك موصلان مع خسارة 0.5 ديسيبل لكل منهما ، فإن إجمالي خسارة الخائن سيكون 10 ديسيبل + (2 * 0.5 ديسيبل) = 11 ديسيبل.
التخفيف من فقدان الخائن
● أفضل الممارسات لتصميم الشبكة
يمكن أن يخفف تصميم الشبكة الفعال من فقدان الخائن. ويشمل ذلك وضعًا استراتيجيًا للتقسيم ، وتقليل عدد الموصلات والرقص ، واختيار مكونات عالية الجودة من موردي الخائن البصري الموثوق بهم.
● استخدام مكونات عالية الجودة
إن الاستثمار في مصنعات عالية الجودة من الشركات المصنعة ذات السمعة الطيبة مثل تلك الموجودة في مصانع الصين البصرية PLC ، يضمن انخفاضًا في فقدان الإدراج ، وارتفاع المتانة ، وأداء الشبكة بشكل عام أفضل.
التقدم التكنولوجي في تقليل فقدان الخائن
● الابتكارات في تقنية الخائن
أدت التطورات الحديثة في الدوائر المتكاملة الضوئية وعلوم المواد إلى تصاميم مبتكرة تقسيمها توفر انخفاضًا في الخسارة وتحسين الأداء. يتم تبني هذه التقنيات من خلال قيادة الشركات المصنعة للبصرية البصرية PLC على مستوى العالم.
● الاتجاهات المستقبلية والبحث
تركز الأبحاث المستمرة على تقنية النانو والبصريات الكمومية لتقليل فقدان الخائن. تشير الاتجاهات الناشئة إلى تحرك نحو حلول ضوئية متكاملة ، ووعد بانخفاض الخسارة والكفاءة العالية في الشبكات البصرية المستقبلية.
الخلاصة وأفضل الممارسات
● ملخص النقاط الرئيسية
يعد فقدان الخائن عاملاً حاسماً في شبكات الألياف البصرية ، مما يؤثر على جودة الإشارة والأداء العام. يمكن أن تؤثر عوامل مثل نسبة الانقسام وجودة التصنيع وتصميم الشبكة الاستراتيجية بشكل كبير على مستويات الخسارة.
● توصيات لتقليل فقدان الخائن في شبكات الألياف الضوئية
لتقليل فقدان الخائن ، يوصى بـ: - اختر نسب الانقسام المناسبة لمتطلبات الشبكة. - اختيار عالي الجودة من الشركات المصنعة ذات السمعة الطيبة. - قم بتنفيذ أفضل الممارسات في تصميم الشبكة لتقليل الخسائر الإضافية.
حول FCJ Opto Tech
FCJ Opto Tech ، جزء من مجموعة FCJ ، هو رائد في صناعة الاتصالات. تأسست الشركة في عام 1985 ، ولديها أكثر من 30 عامًا من الخبرة في تصنيع كابلات ومكونات الألياف الضوئية. من خلال مجموعة منتجات شاملة ، بما في ذلك التشكيلات والألياف البصرية والأجهزة السلبية ، تقدم FCJ Opto Tech مشغلي وموزعات الاتصالات العالمية ، وضمان منتجات عالية الجودة وخدمة موثوقة. من أجل التعاون المستقبلي ، يقف FCJ Opto Tech كشريكك الأكثر جدارة بالثقة.
يوفر هذا الدليل الشامل فهمًا مفصلاً لفقدان الخائن في الألياف البصرية ، مما يساعد المهنيين على تحسين شبكات الألياف البصرية الخاصة بهم بشكل فعال.وقت النشر: 2024 - 07 - 14 16:57:10
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UPDATE `mk_catalog` SET `field` = '[{\"field\":\"jdbj7H\",\"label\":\"\\u672a\\u547d\\u540d\",\"type\":{\"label\":\"\\u7f16\\u8f91\\u5668\",\"is\":\"el-editor\",\"value\":\"<ul class=\\\"history_wrap\\\">\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2021<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>The administrative department moved to The Optical communication industrial park.<\\/p>\\n<p>Established HANGZHOU FCJ OPTO TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD<\\/p>\\n<p>Established Zhejiang Hangdian Yongtong Wire & Cable Co., Ltd.<\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2020<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>Establish Fuchunjiang Information Technology Co., Ltd.<\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2019<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In March, the company obtained the “High-tech Enterprise” award which was granted on November 30thin 2018.<\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2018<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In December, the company acquired the title of “China optical cable qualified supplier ”<\\/p>\\n<p>On November 8th, the company was selected as AA Credit of “Trustworthy” Business Enterprise in Zhejiang province which was issued by Fuyang Market Administration.<\\/p>\\n<p>In November, the company was listed top 10 comprehensive competitive enterprises in China Optical Communication Industrial, 2018.<\\/p>\\n<p> <\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2017<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In September, the company was awarded the “Lingyu Award: Outstanding Enterprise” at China Optical Fiber and Cable Conference.<\\/p>\\n<p>In November, the company was selected as Top 10 the most competitive enterprise in China optical communication 2017.<\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2016<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In May, the company was ranked as 13th among the top 100 enterprises of electronic components manufactures in China in 2016 (the 29th Session).<\\/p>\\n<p>In November, the company was recognized as the Vice President of China Electronic Components Industry Association Photoelectric Cable and Optical Devices Branch.<\\/p>\\n<p>In November, the company was listed top 10 comprehensive competitive enterprise in China optical communication industrial, 2016.<\\/p>\\n<p>In November, the company won “China’s qualified supplier of optical cable & power cable ” (in the name of FCJ group).<\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2015<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In March, the company gained “Trustworthy” Business Enterprise of A Credit “in Zhejiang province.<\\/p>\\n<p>In May, the company ranked 12th among the top 100 enterprises of electronic components manufactures in China in 2015(the 28th session).<\\/p>\\n<p>In June, the company was awarded “Outstanding Contribution to Optical Communication Development in Cross-strait Communications”<\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2014<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In April, “steel wire winding machine” obtained the national utility model patent certificate.<\\/p>\\n<p>In November, the company was listed top 10 comprehensive competitive enterprise in China optical communication industrial, 2013.<\\/p>\\n<p>In December, one of the PLC optical component cutting methods obtained the national invention patent certificate.<\\/p>\\n<p>In December, Fuyang City’s “100 fine management demonstration enterprise” certificate was obtained.<\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2013<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In January, Optical composite intelligent optical cable for communication access network which was innovated by the company was awarded the “Second Class Prize” of Fuyang science& technology progress.<\\/p>\\n<p>In March, the company was awarded Annual provincial outstanding private enterprise 2012.<\\/p>\\n<p>In August, the company established a joint venture “Hangzhou GOC Optical Communication Co., Ltd.” with GOC Company of South Korea.<\\/p>\\n<p>In September, the planar optical waveguide splitter chip innovated by the company has been selected as the National Torch Program by the Torch High-tech Development Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology.<\\/p>\\n<p>In November, the company obtained the certificate of “Standardization Level 3 of Safe Production” of Hangzhou<\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2012<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In February,”new optical switching device and optical switching network technology” won the second prize of Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Award by the provincial government.<\\/p>\\n<p>In May, the super tensile optical cable was recognized as National Torch Program by Torch High-tech Development Center, Ministry of Science and technology.<\\/p>\\n<p>In November, Optical composite intelligent optical cable for communication access network innovated by the company was awarded the third prize of Hangzhou science&technology progress.<\\/p>\\n<p>In November, the company was listed top 10 comprehensive competitive enterprise in China optical communication industrial, 2012.<\\/p>\\n<p>In November, two new products, the planar optical waveguide splitter chip and one of the round center tube lead-in cables, passed the provincial assessment.<\\/p>\\n<p>In December, Zhang Xudong has been selected as the 7th vice president of CECA optical cable branch, and the FCJ group the vice president organization, at the same time, the company was honored as “Outstanding Contribution to Association”.<\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2011<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In July, the company was ranked as 12th among the top 100 enterprises of electronic components manufactures in China in 2011(the 24th session).<\\/p>\\n<p>In August, the Integrated optical planar waveguide optical communication devices innovated by the company has obtained the certificate of National Torch Program.<\\/p>\\n<p>In October, “Drop cable (non-metallic reinforcement)” was awarded the Third Prize of Hangzhou Science and Technology Progress.<\\/p>\\n<p>In October, “Drop cable (non-metallic reinforcement)” was awarded the Second Prize of Fuyang Science and Technology Progress.<\\/p>\\n<p>In October, the company has obtained the High-tech Enterprise Certificate.<\\/p>\\n<p>In November, the company was listed top 10 comprehensive competitive enterprise in China optical communication industrial, 2011.<\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2010<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In September, Hangfu optical cable was recognized as Zhejiang Well-known Brands.<\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2009<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In March, the company was honored the “Pioneer Enterprise of Social Responsibility”.<\\/p>\\n<p>In April, the optical cable department has been honored the Outstanding Group in Hangzhou “To Create an Organizations characterized of continuous learning and To be Knowledgeable Workers” activity.<\\/p>\\n<p>In May, FCJ Photoelectric Communication Provincial High-tech Company R&D Center was assessed as “good” by Zhejiang Ministry of Science and Technology.<\\/p>\\n<p>In September, Fuhang optical cable was recognized as “Zhejing Well-known Brand”.<\\/p>\\n<p>In October, the company was honored as “60th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic: top 10 fiber and optical cable manufacture enterprise which records China’s telecommunication’s glory and dream”<\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2007-2008<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In March, 2007, the company was recognized as AAA enterprise of customers satisfaction in national communication cable and optical cable industrial.<\\/p>\\n<p>In September, 2007, Fuhang optical cable was recognized as China well-known brands.<\\/p>\\n<p>In November, 2007, the company was listed top 10 comprehensive competitive enterprise in China optical communication industrial, 2007.<\\/p>\\n<p>In September, 2008, the company passed the assessment of national high-tech enterprise and became the high-tech company which is highly supported by government.<\\/p>\\n<p> <\\/p>\\n<p> <\\/p>\\n<p> <\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2006<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In January, brand “Fuhang” has been selected as Zhejiang Well-known Brands.<\\/p>\\n<p>In May, the company was honored as “Pacesetter Enterprise of China industrial”.<\\/p>\\n<p>In May, the company passed the ISO 14001 environmental management system certification.<\\/p>\\n<p>In June, the company passed the AAA standardized good behavior confirmation.<\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2004-2005<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In March, 2004, the company obtained the qualification certificate of secondary measurement and testing system.<\\/p>\\n<p>In July, 2004, the company obtained the certification certificate and network access certificate from organizations like TLC under the Ministry of Information Industry and National Radio and Television Administration.<\\/p>\\n<p>In August, 2005, the company was selected as the standing director group of China Electrical Appliance Industry Association.<\\/p>\\n<p>In September, 2005, the company won the “advanced family for workers”.<\\/p>\\n<p> <\\/p>\\n<p> <\\/p>\\n<p> <\\/p>\\n<\\/div>\\n<\\/figcaption>\\n<\\/figure>\\n<\\/li>\\n<li class=\\\"wow fadeInUpA animated animated\\\" data-wow-delay=\\\"0.1s\\\" data-wow-duration=\\\"2s\\\">\\n<figure>\\n<figcaption>\\n<h5>2002-2003<\\/h5>\\n<div>\\n<p>In October, 2002, quality management system was changed to ISO 9001, a global standard.<\\/p>\\n<p>In December, 2002, the company was granted AAA credit.<\\/p>\\n<p>In December,2003, technical center 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UPDATE `mk_catalog` SET `field` = '[{\"field\":\"QNW7YK\",\"label\":\"\\u672a\\u547d\\u540d\",\"type\":{\"label\":\"\\u81ea\\u5b9a\\u4e49\\u6570\\u7ec4\",\"is\":\"el-array\",\"value\":{\"column\":[{\"label\":\"\\u95ee\",\"field\":\"wen\",\"type\":{\"label\":\"\\u6587\\u672c\",\"is\":\"el-input\",\"width\":\"200px\",\"value\":\"\"}},{\"label\":\"\\u7b54\",\"field\":\"da\",\"type\":{\"label\":\"\\u7f16\\u8f91\\u5668\",\"is\":\"el-editor\",\"width\":\"700px\",\"value\":\"\"}}],\"table\":[{\"wen\":\"What are your prices?\",\"da\":\"<p>Our prices are subject to change depending on supply and other market factors. We will send you an updated price list after your company contact us for further information.<\\/p>\"},{\"wen\":\"Do you have a minimum order quantity?\",\"da\":\"<p>Yes, we require all international orders to have an ongoing minimum order quantity. If you are looking to resell but in much smaller quantities, we recommend you check out our website<\\/p>\"},{\"wen\":\"Can you supply the relevant documentation?\",\"da\":\"<p>Yes, we can provide most documentation including Certificates of Analysis \\/ Conformance; Insurance; Origin, and other export documents where required.<\\/p>\"},{\"wen\":\"What is the average lead time?\",\"da\":\"<p>For samples, the lead time is about 7 days. For mass production, the lead time is 20-30 days after receiving the deposit payment. The lead times become effective when (1) we have received your deposit, and (2) we have your final approval for your products. If our lead times do not work with your deadline, please go over your requirements with your sale. In all cases we will try to accommodate your needs. In most cases we are able to do so.<\\/p>\"},{\"wen\":\"What kinds of payment methods do you accept?\",\"da\":\"<p>You can make the payment to our bank account, Western Union or PayPal:<br \\/>30% deposit in advance, 70% balance against the copy of B\\/L.<\\/p>\"},{\"wen\":\"What is the product warranty?\",\"da\":\"<p>We warranty our materials and workmanship. Our commitment is to your satisfaction with our products. In warranty or not, it is the culture of our company to address and resolve all customer issues to everyone’s satisfaction<\\/p>\"},{\"wen\":\"Do you guarantee safe and secure delivery of products?\",\"da\":\"<p>Yes, we always use high quality export packaging. We also use specialized hazard packing for dangerous goods and validated cold storage shippers for temperature sensitive items. Specialist packaging and non-standard packing requirements may incur an additional charge.<\\/p>\"},{\"wen\":\"How about the shipping fees?\",\"da\":\"<p>The shipping cost depends on the way you choose to get the goods. Express is normally the most quickest but also most expensive way. By seafreight is the best solution for big amounts. Exactly freight rates we can only give you if we know the details of amount, weight and way. Please contact us for further information.<\\/p>\"}]},\"icon\":\"icon-shuzu\"}}]' , `cover` = '' WHERE `id` = 10508 [ RunTime:0.020528s ]
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